Proposition 4.1.4
A sequence \(f(n)\) is given by a polynomial of degree \(\le d\) if and only if \[ \sum_{n\ge 0} f(n)z^n = \frac{h(z)}{(1-z)^{d+1}} \] for some polynomial \(h(z)\) of degree \(\le d\). Furthermore, \(f(n)\) has degree \(d\) if and only if \(h(1)\neq 0\).

Proof

Suppose \(f(n)\) is a polynomial of degree \(\leq d\). By Proposition 4.1.3, we can write \(f(n)\) in the \(\Delta\)-basis:

$$ \begin{align*} f(n) = \sum_{m=0}^d f^{(m)} \binom{n}{m} \end{align*} $$

If we multiply by \(z^n\) and then sum over all \(n \geq 0\)

$$ \begin{align*} \sum_{n \geq 0} f(n)z^n &= \sum_{n\geq 0} \left(\sum_{m=0}^d f^{(m)} \binom{n}{m} z^n \right) \\ &= \sum_{n \geq 0} \left( f^{(0)} \binom{n}{0} z^n + f^{(1)} \binom{n}{1} z^n + \cdots + f^{(d)} \binom{n}{d}z^n \right) \\ &= f^{(0)} \sum_{n \geq 0} \binom{n}{0} z^n + f^{(1)} \sum_{n \geq 0} \binom{n}{1} z^n + \cdots + f^{(d)} \sum_{n \geq 0} \binom{n}{d}z^n \\ &= \sum_{m=0}^d f^{(m)} \sum_{n \geq 0} \binom{n}{m} z^n \\ &= \sum_{m=0}^d f^{(m)} \frac{z^m}{(1-z)^{m+1}} \quad \text{(by 4.1.6)} \end{align*} $$

If we let \(h(z) = \sum_{m=0}^d f^{(m)} z^m (1-z)^{d-m}\), then \(h(z)\) is a polynomial of degree at most \(d\). Conversely, if \(h(z)\) is a polynomial of degree at most \(d\), then write \(h(z)\) in terms of the \((\gamma)\)-basis so

$$ \begin{align*} h(z) = \sum_{m=0}^d a_m z^m (1-z)^{d-m} \end{align*} $$

Then

$$ \begin{align*} F(z) &= \frac{h(z)}{(1-z)^{(d+1)}} \\ &= \frac{\sum_{m=0}^d a_m z^m (1-z)^{d-m}}{(1-z)^{(d+1)}} \\ &= \sum_{m=0}^d a_m z^m \frac{(1-z)^{(d-m)}}{(1-z)^{(d+1)}} \\ &= \sum_{m=0}^d a_m \frac{z^m}{(1-z)^{(m+1)}} \\ &= \sum_{m=0}^d a_m \sum_{n \geq 0} \binom{n}{m} z^n \quad \text{(by 4.1.6)} \\ &= \sum_{n \geq 0} \left( \sum_{m=0}^d a_m \binom{n}{m} \right) z^n \\ &= \sum_{n \geq 0} f(n) z^n. \end{align*} $$

Then \(f(n)\) is a linear combination of the \(\Delta\)-basis vectors. Hence by Proposition 4.1.3, it is of degree at most \(d\). \(\ \blacksquare\)


References